DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUGMENTED REALITY (ARDent) APPLICATION AS AN EFFECTIVE LEARNING MEDIUM IN INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF DENTAL THERAPY STUDENTS IN OPERATING ROOM LEARNING

Abstract


Introduction
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that incorporates two-dimensional or three-dimensional computer-generated objects into the real environment around the user in real-time (Ismayani, 2020).In the field of health, AR has rapidly developed based on previous scientific research.One application of AR in health promotion is educational games for dental health aimed at children, facilitating the conveyance of information about dental health to them.Interesting visualizations and simulation games simplify the process of understanding information about dental health for children.Additionally, this approach makes it more convenient for dental health workers to provide education on dental and oral health for children (Hapsari, G., Mutiara, G., Chaidir, 2022).Recently, generations Y and Z have become familiar with multimedia learning environments and expect certain technologies to be integrated into the curriculum (Guazzaroni, G., Pillai, 2020).Therefore, it will be easier for them to understand if we use AR that is appropriate to the subjects being studied.
AR has been used to improve the delivery of education and the quality of training in oral and maxillofacial surgery by creating a virtual environment for surgical procedures, enhancing manual dexterity, and improving clinical training.Sondang et al. (2015) reported that, without using AR during the study, 90% of students did not use the bain correctly, 83% did not use the sonde correctly, and 63% did not use mouth mirrors properly.In the process, students were provided with materials, a practicum introduction, and guidance on the use of tools.However, one of the obstacles was the limited practice or repetition of material by students due to the limited learning time on campus (Sondang, S., Siregar, 2015).
The benefits of AR in health education are evident.AR facilitates various learning procedures and activities that can be conducted without direct supervision, enhancing knowledge and skills among students and reducing concerns when operating the planned service.Besides that, it provides access to quality interactions, educational resources, and costeffective training overall.Several programs are being developed to facilitate the seamless integration of technology into simulation and practice, aiding students in their transition (Haji, Z., Arif, A., Jamal, S., Ghafoor, 2021).Virtual technology appears to improve educational outcomes for dentistry students (Moussa, R., Alghazaly, A., Althagafi, N., Eshky, R., Borzangy, 2022).The recently developed AR tool, medical teeth, focuses specifically on the introduction to medical teeth, with a particular emphasis on the conservation of medical teeth.An innovation in oral surgery known as ARDent has been introduced.In this study, we believe that technological developments, coupled with the community's demand for comprehensive health services, will assist prospective dental and oral therapists in acquiring competencies aligned with scientific developments, especially in the field of oral surgery.

Figure 1. View workflow usage
The image above explains the stages of using ARDent from opening the application, using the marker, then scanning by the user and the application will install the marker, if it is not detected, it will be scanned again.After the 3D illustration appears, the user can use and study the shape of the detected tool The learning media for dental therapy students within the scope of their competence is the introduction and use of oral surgical dentistry tools.In this case, ARDent is expected to help students imagine and illustrate tools and how to use them, so with the addition of existing Augmented Reality technology it will help attract the attention of dental therapy students because it can provide interactive three-dimensional virtual presentations regarding the introduction and use of oral surgical dentistry tools.delivered so that students can better understand the material provided.It is hoped that the use of AR technology as an educational medium can attract the target's attention and make education an interesting thing to follow.

Method
This study used the Research and Development (R&D) method, building upon existing studies (Sugiyono, 2016).In the initial stage, the collection of information was essential for creating the ARDent application.After collecting the information, the next step involved designing ARDent.At this stage, the IT team played a crucial role in developing ARDent as an introductory tool for medical tooth room surgery based on the previously collected information.The expert validation of ARDent was conducted through purposive sampling, involving experts in dentistry, oral surgery, dental health education, and IT fields, using a questionnaire instrument (Yuniar et al., 2021).
The product test for ARDent was conducted using purposive sampling, with inclusion criteria consisting of students from the Dental Therapy FKG at Hasanuddin University (UNHAS), Class of 2021, and exclusions were applied to those who did not meet the inclusion criteria.The research design used a preexperimental design with a one-group pre-post-test design due to the absence of an existing control group.The results of the ARDent product formed an android application and markers.

Result
Initial data were collected through interviews and observations conducted by related dental specialists, dental therapists, and mouth educators, who also studied literature to gather information before the IT team developed AR in the introductory tool for medical tooth room surgery for dental therapy students (Sumantri, Murodi, Ekayanti, no date).ARDent expert validation was performed by experts in dental specialists oral surgeon, dental health education expert, and field IT experts, with the results shown in Table 1.The conclusion drawn from the expert validation results showed a score of 88.6% with a pvalue of 0.039, indicating that ARDent is worthy as an effective learning medium for enhancing the knowledge of oral surgery among applied bachelor dental therapy students.This finding suggests that surgery is clinically based on mature education, and AR also affects lesson skills.In general, AR is not only applied in dental and vocational training courses but also improves all areas of our lives (Huang,  ARDent product trials were carried out using the pre-experiment method with a one-group pre-post test design (Muri, 2014).This study took place from August to December 2022, with the results presented in Table 2. From the paired t-test results in Table 3, it is evident that there was a change in pre and post-test values with the application of ARDent to applied bachelor dental therapy students, with a significance score of >0.001.This indicates that ARDent has proven to be an effective learning medium in the aspects of software engineering, visual communication, and functionality as a learning media, effectively enhancing the knowledge of applied bachelor dental therapy students in learning oral surgery.This finding highlights that the better the physical facilities and responsiveness, the higher the student satisfaction (Ayoub, A., Pulijala, 2019).

Discussion
The study's findings indicate that ARDent is effective as a learning medium in increasing the knowledge of applied bachelor students, particularly in dental therapy learning oral surgery.The expert validation results presented in Table 1 demonstrate a mean value of 88.6%, indicating that ARDent is a worthwhile and effective learning tool for knowledge enhancement.This is in line with the research conducted.(Rahmadani, 2021), which reported that the use of AR has a significant impact on users, improving memory retention, motivation, learning achievement, and reducing anxiety.
AR is a beneficial tool for clinical practice in the field of oral maxillofacial surgery (Fahim, S., Maqsood, A., Das, G., Ahmed, N., Saquib, S., Lal, A., Khan, A.A.G., Alam, 2022).Table 3 shows significant values from three variables, with a significance score of 0.001, indicating that ARDent is highly effective for use in applied bachelor dental therapy students, specifically in learning oral surgery.ARDent could be used as an alternative to increase knowledge and skills among students, reducing anxiety during their practical procedures.Besides that, ARDent also provides access to quality interactions, educational resources, and cost-effective training in a comprehensive manner (Haji, Z., Arif, A., Jamal, S., Ghafoor, 2021).
The utilization of packaged learning media using technology shaped like AR has been proven to increase users' knowledge in identifying objects, even when only projected virtually.(Tullah and Santoso, 2022).This is supported by research conducted on the utilization of the D-Pare Model in maintaining behavior change for oral health among adolescents, revealing a significant difference in knowledge scores with a p-value < 0.05, specifically p-value (0.001).This demonstrates a noticable change in knowledge levels before and after the use of the D-Pare Model, with a score change of Δ=5.33.These findings show that the implementation of AR-based educational media has a positive impact on enhancing respondents' knowledge (Pitts et al., 2017).
Technology is, of course, a flexible medium for use in various applications, especially in the educational process (Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M.A., Suman, 2022).The result of the study is in line with research conducted on the utilization of the Syif'AR tool for medical teeth, which focuses on the learning introduction tool for medical teeth, specifically emphasizing the conservation of medical teeth.In contrast to the focus of this study, the researcher focuses on the recognition tool for medical teeth in room surgery.The research findings are also supported by the improvement in skills among respondents in identifying the tool, with a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant difference before and after the use of the Syif'AR media in respondents.(Asy-syifa, 2022) Indeed, there are several aspects in which AR can be particularly helpful, for example, in providing augmented visual communication cues.(Patkar,N.,Merino,L.,Nierstrasz,202AD)Paired tests on software engineering, visual communication, and functionality in pre and post-treatment research obtained results with p-value< 0.05, all significant at 0.001.This demonstrates a significant difference in the knowledge level of the treatment group before and after applying ARDent.In other research, interaction testing and test automation were identified to have great potential in software engineering.(Jiménez,E.J. de A.S., Aguilar Vera, R.A., López, J.L., Gómez, O.S., 2021) The utilization of an AR mobile application's functionality increased the learning motivation of students.(Khan, T., Johnston, K., Ophoff, J., 2019) It is anticipated that ARDent could enhance knowledge not only for applied bachelor dental

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Open Access: http://ejournal.poltekkesjakarta1.ac.id/index.php/JKGEmail: jdht@poltekkesjakarta1.ac.id therapy students but also for all individuals who require education on oral surgery.This is because, in addition to the use of AR media in the learning process, performing oral surgery on applied bachelor dental therapy students impacts anxiety and increases overall training costs.(Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Vitiello, F., Orilisi, G., Fraccastoro, F., Putignano, A., Orsini, 2022) Through simulation, the aim is to minimize existing risks, as dental officer and oral therapist gain an initial understanding of the patient's oral cavity.(Suciliyana, Y., Rahman, 2020)

Conclusions and Suggestions
After conducting tests and analyzing the ARDent application, we can conclude that ARDent is a worthy and effective learning tool for increasing the knowledge of applied bachelor dental therapy student's in learning oral surgery, as assessed by expert validators.ARDent is effective in aspects of software engineering, visual communication, and functionality as a learning medium that enhances the knowledge of applied bachelor dental therapy students in learning oral surgery.A limitation of this study is the high cost associated with developing this application.To address this, we make sure to increase this study to be a good application with research funding assistance.Based on the conclusions drawn from the results above, the researcher hopes that this study will continue to develop, specifically contributing to dental and oral therapy education in Indonesia.
The research team expresses gratitude to the Faculty of Dentistry at Hasanuddin University for accepting and supporting the research through a grant.The researchers also say many thanks to the study program manager and the dental therapy applied bachelor students at Faculty of Vocational Study, Hasanuddin University for their assistance throughout the research process, enabling the researchers to complete it efficiently.Lastly, we declare no conflicts of interest with any parties involved in this study.